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Overview of the culture in New Zealand

The culture of New Zealand is a synthesis of home-grown and imported cultures. The land's earliest inhabitants brought with them customs and language from Polynesia, and during the centuries of isolation, developed their ain Māori and Moriori cultures. British colonists in the 19th century brought Western civilization and had a dramatic effect on the indigenous inhabitants, spreading their religious traditions and the English language linguistic communication. Māori culture too influenced the colonists and a distinctive Pākehā or New Zealand European civilisation has evolved. More recent clearing from the Pacific, East asia, and South Asia has likewise added to the cultural melting pot.

Cultural history [edit]

Polynesian explorers reached the islands between 1250 and 1300. Over the ensuing centuries of Polynesian expansion and settlement, Māori civilisation developed from its Polynesian roots. Māori established separate tribes, congenital fortified villages ( pā ), hunted and fished, traded bolt, adult agriculture, arts and weaponry, and kept a detailed oral history. At some point, a group of Māori migrated to Rēkohu , at present known equally the Chatham Islands, where they developed their distinct Moriori culture.^[ane] Regular European contact began from 1800, and British clearing proceeded chop-chop, especially from 1855. European colonists had a dramatic effect on the Māori, bringing Christianity, advanced technology, the English language language, numeracy and literacy. In 1840 Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, intended to enable the tribes to live peacefully with the colonists. However, after several incidents, the New Zealand Wars broke out from 1845, with Māori suffering a loss of land, partly through confiscation, but mainly through widespread and extensive land sales. Māori retained their identity, mostly choosing to alive separately from settlers and continuing to speak and write te reo Māori . With mass migration from Europe, a loftier Māori expiry rate and low life expectancy for Māori women, the ethnic population figure dropped between 1850 and 1930, becoming a minority.

European New Zealanders (Pākehā), despite their location far from Europe, retained strong cultural ties to "Female parent England".^[ii] These ties were weakened past the demise of the British Empire and loss of special access to British meat and dairy markets. Pākehā began to forge a separate identity influenced by their pioneering history, a rural lifestyle and New Zealand'southward unique environs. Pākehā culture became prevalent after the wars, but afterward sustained political efforts, biculturalism and the Treaty of Waitangi became office of the school curriculum in the belatedly 20th century, to promote agreement between Māori and Pākehā.

More than recently, New Zealand civilization has been broadened past globalisation and immigration from the Pacific Islands, East Asia and Due south Asia. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are apparent, with Pasifika, the world'due south largest Polynesian festival, now an annual issue in Auckland.

The development of a New Zealand identity and national character, separate from the British colonial identity, is most often linked with the period surrounding World War I, which gave rise to the concept of the Anzac spirit.^[iii] Many citizens prefer to minimise ethnic divisions,^{[ commendation needed ]} merely calling themselves New Zealanders or, informally, "Kiwis". New Zealand marks 2 national days of remembrance, Waitangi Day and Anzac Day, and also celebrates holidays during or close to the anniversaries of the founding dates of each province.^[4]

Pākehā (New Zealand European) culture [edit]

European settlers developed an identity that was influenced by their rustic lifestyle.^[5] In this scene from 1909, men at their army camp site display a catch of rabbits and fish.

A beach barbecue – an established function of New Zealand civilization

Pākehā culture (usually synonymous with New Zealand European culture) derives mainly from that of the European (mostly British) settlers who colonised New Zealand in the 19th century. Until about the 1950s many Pākehā saw themselves as British people, and retained stiff cultural ties to "Mother England".^[two] Even so there was a common perception that people built-in in New Zealand were likely to be physically stronger and more than adjustable than people in Great britain.^[six] The largely rural life in early New Zealand led to the image of New Zealanders being rugged, industrious problem solvers.^{[5] [seven]} Another distinctive trait of Pākehā culture has been the egalitarian tradition, as opposed to the British form system.^[8] Within Pākehā civilisation there are likewise sub-cultures derived from Irish, Italian and other European groups,^[9] as well as various non-ethnic subcultures.

1 of the goals of Pākehā anti-racist groups of the 1980s was to enable Pākehā to see their own culture equally such, rather than thinking what they did was normal and what other people did was 'ethnic' and foreign.^[x] Some argue that conventionalities in the 'absenteeism' of civilisation in New Zealand is a symptom of white privilege, allowing members of a dominant group to see their culture as 'normal' or 'default', rather than as a specific position of relative advantage.^[11]

From the 1980s Pākehā began to further explore their distinctive traditions and to debate that New Zealanders had a culture which was neither Māori nor British. There was an interest in "Kiwiana"—items from New Zealand's heritage that are seen every bit representing iconic Kiwi elements, such as the pōhutukawa (New Zealand Christmas tree), pāua-shell ash-tray, Buzzy Bee, Pineapple Lumps, gumboots and jandals.^{[12] [13]}

Māori culture [edit]

Hinepare of Ngāti Kahungunu, is wearing a traditional korowai cloak adorned with a black fringe border. The two huia feathers in her hair, signal a chiefly lineage. She also wears a pounamu hei-tiki and earring, every bit well as a shark tooth ( mako ) earring. The moko-kauae (chin-tattoo) is often based on one'south office in the iwi.

A Māori sculpture carved from woods

The Māori are the indigenous inhabitants of New Zealand. They originated settlers from eastern Polynesian islands, who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of canoe voyages at some time between 1250 and 1300.^{[14] [15]} Māori settled the islands and developed a distinct culture over several hundred years. Oral history tells of a long voyage from Hawaiki (the mythical homeland in tropical Polynesia) in large ocean-going canoes ( waka ).^[16] Māori mythology is a distinctive corpus of gods and heroes, sharing some Polynesian motifs. Significant figures are Ranginui and Papatūānuku, Māui, and Kupe.^[16]

Central to many cultural events is the marae ,^[17] where families and tribes get together for special occasions, such every bit pōwhiri or tangi. Māori often phone call themselves "tangata whenua" (people of the state), placing particular importance on a lifestyle continued to land and body of water.^[18] Communal living, sharing, and living off the country are strong traditional values.

The distinct values, history, and worldview of Māori are expressed through traditional arts and skills such as haka , tā moko , waiata (music), carving, weaving, and poi. The concept of tapu (meaning taboo or sacred^[19]) is also a strong forcefulness in Māori culture, applied to objects, people, or fifty-fifty mountains.^[xx]

Europeans migrated to New Zealand in increasing numbers from 1855. Māori traditionally had a penchant for war, especially between 1805 and 1842 during the Musket Wars and foreign diseases destabilized the traditional Māori order. The Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 formed the basis of the establishment of British rule in New Zealand.^[21] New Zealand became partly self-governing in 1852 with the establishment of its own Parliament. The near serious conflict between Māori and European settlers was between 1863 and 1864 which resulted in land being confiscated from the defeated tribes. All the same Māori sold near of their state afterward 1870 and connected to exercise and then until the 1980s. From 1820 Māori entered a long period of cultural and numerical decline. However their population began to increment once again from the late-19th century, and a cultural revival began in the 1960s, sometimes known as the Māori Renaissance.^[22]

Other ethnic cultures [edit]

Indigenous communities within New Zealand retain features of their own cultures, and these have, in some areas, spread to become popular with the general population. Settler groups from many cultures added to the make-upward of the state, with many groups concentrated effectually specific geographic areas. These include Dalmatian settlers in Northland, Danish settlers in inland Hawke'south Bay, and Southern Chinese and Levantine settlers in Otago. These added to larger-scale Pākehā settlement which itself varied betwixt English language settlers (east.g., in Canterbury), Irish settlers (e.g., on the Southward Isle W Declension), and Scottish settlers (e.g., in Otago and Southland).

From the mid-20th century on, waves of immigrants take entered the country from different ethnic backgrounds, notable Dutch and central Europeans during the 1950s, Pacific Islanders since the 1960s, and northern Chinese, Indians, and southeast Asians since the 1980s.^[23] Various aspects of each culture take added to New Zealand culture; Chinese New year is historic for case, especially in Auckland and Dunedin,^[24] and Southward Auckland has potent Samoan cultural links. To gloat its diverse Pacific cultures, the Auckland region hosts several Pacific Island festivals. Two of the major ones are Polyfest, which showcases performances of the secondary schoolhouse cultural groups in the Auckland region,^[25] and Pasifika, a festival that celebrates Pacific island heritage through traditional nutrient, music, trip the light fantastic toe, and entertainment.^[26]

The pop music mode of Urban Pasifika too has its origins in the New Zealand Pacific Island customs, and has get a major strand in New Zealand music civilization. The annual Pacific Music Awards recognise the contribution to New Zealand music made by Pacific Island musicians and musical styles. Pacific island heritage is also celebrated in much of New Zealand'southward art, with notable artists such as Fatu Feu'u, Lily Laita, John Pule, Yuki Kihara, and Michel Tuffery all heavily influenced by their Pacific origins.

Languages [edit]

New Zealand has three official languages. English is the chief official language with its employ unrestricted anywhere. The Māori language and New Zealand Sign Language as well have official status, in sure contexts, every bit defined past their corresponding statutes.^[27] Other languages are also spoken in New Zealand by some immigrant communities.

New Zealand English [edit]

New Zealand English language is shut to Australian English in pronunciation, just has several differences often overlooked by people from outside these countries. The most prominent differences between the New Zealand English dialect and other English dialects are the shifts in the curt front vowels: the brusque-"i" sound (every bit in "kit") has centralised towards the schwa sound (the "a" in "comma" and "about"); the short-"e" sound (as in "clothes") has moved towards the brusque-"i" audio; and the brusk-"a" sound (as in "trap") has moved to the short-"east" audio.^[28] Some of these differences evidence New Zealand English to have more analogousness with the English of southern England than Australian English does. Several of the differences also show the influence of Māori speech. The New Zealand accent likewise has some Scottish and Irish influences from the large number of settlers from those places during the 19th century. At the time of the 2013 census, English was spoken past 96.i% of the total population.^[29]

Te Reo Māori [edit]

An Eastern Polynesian linguistic communication, Te Reo Māori, is closely related to Tahitian and Cook Islands Māori; slightly less closely to Hawaiian and Marquesan; and more distantly to the languages of Western Polynesia, including Samoan, Niuean and Tongan. The language went into decline in terms of utilise following European colonisation, merely since the 1970s efforts have been made to opposite this trend. These include the granting of official language status through the Māori Language Act 1987,^[27] a Māori language week and a Māori Television channel. The 2013 census found that Māori was spoken by 3.vii% of the population.^[29]

Historically, there were distinct dialects of Te Reo, virtually notably a softer version associated with the southern extreme of the country, though these accept been almost completely subsumed by a standardised dialect originally found around the Waikato area.

New Zealand Sign Language [edit]

New Zealand Sign Language has its roots in British Sign Language (BSL), and may be technically considered a dialect of British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Linguistic communication (BANZSL). There are 62.5% similarities found in British Sign Language and NZSL, compared with 33% of NZSL signs institute in American Sign Language. Like other natural sign languages, information technology was devised past and for Deaf people, with no linguistic connexion to a spoken or written language, and it is fully capable of expressing anything a fluent signer wants to say. It uses more than lip-patterns in conjunction with hand and facial movement to cue signs than BSL, reflecting New Zealand's history of oralist pedagogy of deaf people. Its vocabulary includes Māori concepts such as marae and tangi, and signs for New Zealand placenames. New Zealand Sign Language became an official language of New Zealand in April 2006.^[27] About 20,000 people use New Zealand Sign Language.^[thirty]

Other languages [edit]

According to the 2013 demography, 174 languages are used in New Zealand (including sign languages). Every bit recorded in the 2013 census, Samoan is the most widely spoken not-official language (ii.2%), followed by Hindi (1.vii%), "Northern Chinese" (including Mandarin, i.3%) and French (1.2%).^[29]

National symbols [edit]

The kiwi has get a New Zealand icon.

New Zealand's national symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and Māori sources. New Zealand's location in the Southern Hemisphere was symbolised by the Southern Cantankerous constellation in both the United Tribes' Flag (the first national flag, adopted in 1834) and the current national flag of New Zealand (since 1902).^[31] The argent fern is an emblem actualization on army insignia and sporting squad uniforms,^[31] and various silver fern flags take been proposed as an alternative national flag.^[32]

Royal symbols of the monarchy of New Zealand continue to be featured in, for example, the coat of arms, the Defense Force, and the prefix Her Majesty's New Zealand Send.

The flightless kiwi has been used as a symbol of New Zealand since the early 1900s. For example, in 1905 The Westminster Gazette printed a cartoon of a kiwi and a kangaroo (representing Australia) going off to a colonial briefing.^[33] Today "Kiwi" is a nickname for New Zealanders.^[34]

New Zealand has two national anthems of equal status,^[35] "God Save the Queen" and "God Defend New Zealand" – the latter of which is ofttimes sung with alternating Māori and English verses.^[36]

Arts [edit]

The definition of the arts past the New Zealand government covers 6 areas, visual arts, arts and crafts and object art, performing arts, literature, Pacific arts and Ngā toi Māori (Māori arts).^[37] Government funding is provided principally through, Creative New Zealand. Heritage New Zealand and the Ministry building for Culture and Heritage are national bodies that assistance with heritage preservation. About towns and cities have museums and oft art galleries, and the national museum and art gallery is Te Papa ('Our Identify'), in Wellington.^[38]

Kapa haka [edit]

Kapa haka,(kapa ways 'rank' or 'row') is the 'cultural dance' component of Māori performing arts. Kapa haka is an artery for Māori people to express heritage and cultural identity through song and dance. It has undergone a renaissance, with national competitions held yearly and kapa haka used in many land occasions. The haka (often mistaken as e'er beingness a state of war trip the light fantastic toe or ritual challenge) has become part of wider New Zealand culture, being performed past the All Blacks as a grouping ritual before international games and by homesick New Zealanders of all races who want to express their New Zealandness.^[39]

Visual arts [edit]

When Settlers arrived, they brought with them Western artistic traditions. Early Pākehā art focused mainly on landscape painting, although some of the all-time known Pākehā artists of the 19th century (Charles Goldie and Gottfried Lindauer) specialised in Māori portraiture.^{[40] [41]} Some Māori adopted Western styles and a number of 19th-century meeting houses characteristic walls painted with portraits and found designs. From the early on-20th-century Āpirana Ngata and others began a programme of reviving traditional Māori arts, and many new meeting houses were built with traditional carving and tukutuku woven wall panels were built.^[42]

A longstanding concern of Pākehā artists has been the creation of a distinctly New Zealand creative style. Rita Angus and others used the mural to try and accomplish this while painters such as Gordon Walters used Māori motifs. A number of Māori artists, including Paratene Matchitt and Shane Cotton have combined Western modernism with traditional Māori art.^[43]

Performing arts [edit]

Drama [edit]

New Zealand drama, both on phase and screen, has been plagued during much of its history by cost and lack of pop interest in New Zealand culture. Despite this Roger Hall and, more recently, Jacob Rajan are ii playwrights to achieve considerable popular success.^[44] The number of New Zealand films significantly increased during the 1970s. The highest-grossing New Zealand films are Hunt for the Wilderpeople, Boy, The World's Fastest Indian, Whale Rider, One time Were Warriors and The Pianoforte.^[45] The land's various scenery and compact size, plus government incentives,^[46] have encouraged some producers to shoot large-budget productions in New Zealand, including The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit motion-picture show trilogies, Avatar, The Chronicles of Narnia, King Kong, Wolverine and The Terminal Samurai.^[47]

Music [edit]

New Zealand music has been influenced by blues, jazz, country, rock and roll and hip hop, with many of these genres given a unique New Zealand interpretation.^{[48] [49]} Hip-hop is pop and there are small but thriving live music, dance political party and indie music scenes. Reggae is as well popular inside some communities, with bands such every bit Herbs, Katchafire, 1814, House Of Shem, Unity Pacific all reflecting their roots, perspectives and cultural pride and heritage through their music.

A number of popular artists have gone on to accomplish international success including Lorde,^[50] Split Enz, Crowded House, OMC, Bic Runga, Kimbra, Ladyhawke, The Naked and Famous, Fat Freddy'south Drop, Savage, Alien Weaponry, Flying of the Conchords, and Brooke Fraser.

New Zealand has a national orchestra and many regional orchestras. A number of New Zealand composers accept adult international reputations. The most well-known include Douglas Lilburn,^[51] John Psathas,^[52] Jack Body,^[53] Gillian Whitehead,^[54] Jenny McLeod,^[55] Gareth Farr,^[56] Ross Harris,^[57] and Martin Lodge.^[58]

Comedy [edit]

In recent decades New Zealand comics have risen in popularity and recognition. In the 1970s and 1980s Billy T James satirized race relations,^[59] and McPhail & Gadsby lampooned political figures, especially Robert Muldoon. John Clarke aka Fred Dagg joked about rural life.^[60] From the 1990s onwards the Naked Samoans expressed a Polynesian sense of humour to the nation, and Raybon Kan is a prominent Asian comic and columnist. The Topp Twins are an off-beat out comic/country music duo,^[61] and Flight of the Conchords have gained a cult following throughout the English-speaking world for their self-effacing show.^[62]

Literature [edit]

New Zealand children and young adult's author Margaret Mahy, July 2011.

New Zealand's most successful early writers were expatriates such as Katherine Mansfield. From the 1950s, Frank Sargeson, Janet Frame and others had (not lucrative) writing careers while still living in New Zealand. Until near the 1980s, the master New Zealand literary form was the short story, but in contempo decades novels such every bit Alan Duff's Once Were Warriors, Elizabeth Knox'due south The Vintner'south Luck and others have accomplished disquisitional and popular success. Māori culture is traditionally oral rather than literate, but in recent years Māori novelists such as Duff, Witi Ihimaera and Keri Hulme and poets such as Hone Tuwhare have shown their mastery of literary forms. Austin Mitchell wrote ii "Pavlova Paradise" books about New Zealand. Barry Crump was a pop writer who embodied and expounded the myth of the Kiwi larrikin and multi-skilled labourer. Sam Chase and Gary McCormick are well-known poets. James K Baxter was an eccentric but admired writer. Maurice Gee is also a household proper noun for his novels near New Zealand life.

New Zealand cartoonist David Low became famous during Earth War 2 for his political satire. Gordon Minhinnick and Les Gibbard were as well witty political observers. Murray Brawl drew a widely popular syndicated daily strip Footrot Flats, virtually farm life.

Sports [edit]

The sports that most New Zealanders participate in are rugby union, cricket, basketball, netball, association football (the about popular sport among children), rugby league and hockey.^[63] Besides pop are golf, tennis, cycling and a variety of water sports, particularly sailing and rowing. The country is known for its extreme sports, risk tourism and potent mountaineering tradition, as seen in the success of notable New Zealander Sir Edmund Hillary.^[64]

The national rugby spousal relationship team is called the All Blacks and has the best winning record of any national team in the globe,^[65] including existence the countdown winners of the Earth Cup in 1987. The fashion of name has been followed in naming the national squad in several other sports. For instance, the nation's basketball game team is known as the Alpine Blacks.

Horseracing was too a pop spectator sport and became office of the "rugby, racing and beer" culture during the 1960s. Many New Zealanders either play or support their local rugby squad and the All Blacks are national icons.^[66] Some have argued that rugby is a national faith.^[67]

Religion [edit]

Pre-colonial native Māori religion was animistic.^[68] 1 of its major features was tapu (sacred and/or forbidden), which was used to maintain the status of chiefs and tohunga (priests) and also for purposes such as conserving resources. Some of the earliest European settlers in New Zealand were Christian missionaries, mostly from the Church building of England but likewise from Protestant denominations and the Cosmic Church building. From the 1830s onwards, large numbers of Māori converted.^[68] Throughout the 19th century a number of movements emerged which blended traditional Māori beliefs with Christianity. These included Pai Mārire, Ringatū, and in the early-20th century, Rātana. They typically centred on a prophet-leader. These churches continue to attract a substantial following; co-ordinate to the 2013 demography, 50,565 people are Rātana believers, and another 16,419 are Ringatū. 1,689 people stated that they followed Māori organized religion.^[69] Many Māori members of mainstream churches, and those with no particular religion, continue to believe in tapu, particularly where the dead are concerned, although not to the same extent every bit their ancestors.

Percentages of people reporting amalgamation with Christianity at the 2001, 2006 and 2013 censuses; at that place has been a steady decrease over twelve years.

Pākehā accept become steadily less religious over the form of the 20th century. In the 1920s there was still a reasonably high level of sectarianism and anti-Catholic prejudice, but this has since died downwardly and the major churches mostly co-operate with each other. The churches and religious entrance hall groups have footling political influence where Pākehā are concerned. The vast majority of religious Pākehā are Christian, just a small number follow non-Christian religions, specially Buddhism.^{[ citation needed ]} The Scottish (Presbyterian) English (Anglican) division can still be seen in the religious distribution of some cities and suburbs. Information technology has besides been evidenced that New Zealand's lack of religion correlates with income and income correlates with urban location; in Auckland, for instance, the richest suburbs are the least religious.^[70] A wider range of immigrant groups in recent decades has contributed to the growth of minority religions.^[71] Newer immigrants are more religious and more diverse than previous groups

Co-ordinate to the 2013 census, the number of people who affiliated with a Christian denomination (including Māori Christian) decreased to 1,906,398 (48.ix% of all people who stated their religious affiliation), downwards from two,082,942 (55.6%) in 2006.^[69] Amalgamation to not-Christian religions has increased since the 2006 demography. In 2013^[update], the number of Hindus numbered 88,919, Buddhists 58,404, Muslims 46,149, and Sikhs 19,191. The number and proportion of people indicating they had no religion increased betwixt 2006 and 2013.^[69] In 2013, i,635,345 New Zealanders (41.9%) reported they had no religion.^[69]

Class in New Zealand [edit]

The 'classless society' [edit]

Until well-nigh the 1980s it was often claimed that New Zealand was a 'classless club'.^[72] The evidence for this was the relatively pocket-size range of wealth (that is, the wealthiest did non earn hugely more than than the poorest earners), lack of deference to authority figures, high levels of grade mobility, a high standard of working class living compared to United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, progressive labour laws which protected workers and encouraged unionism, state housing, and a welfare state which was developed in New Zealand before most other countries.

New Zealanders' egalitarianism has been criticised every bit discouraging and denigrating appetite and individual accomplishment and success. New Zealanders tend to value modesty and distrust those who talk about their own merits. They particularly dislike anyone who seems to consider themselves improve than others even if the person in question is demonstrably more than talented or successful than others. This mental attitude can manifest itself in the tall poppy syndrome or crab mentality, which refer to 'cut downward' of those idea to have risen above the general mass of people.^{[73] [74]}

It has been argued that in New Zealand ethnicity takes the place of class, with Māori and other Polynesians earning less, having a lower standard of living and less education, and working in lower status jobs than Pākehā.^[75]

New Zealand's claims to be a classless society were dealt a fatal blow in the 1980s and 1990s by the economical reforms of the fourth Labour government and its successor, the fourth National government. A cultural shift as well took place due to the economic and social bear on of international capital, commerce and ad. New Zealanders were exposed to a previously unknown assortment of consumer goods and franchises. Aided by overseas programming, commercial radio and Telly stations enjoyed rapid growth. Local manufacturing suffered from cheap imports, with many jobs lost. These reforms led to a dramatic increase in the gap between the richest and poorest New Zealanders, and an increase in the numbers living in poverty.^[76] Recent appreciation of real estate values increased the wealth of a generation of landowners while making housing unaffordable for many. Some are concerned that a New Zealand holding bubble may flare-up, potentially wiping out considerable wealth.

Travel [edit]

It is very common for New Zealanders to travel or live overseas for extended periods of time, often on working holidays. These are usually referred to as the 'OE' or 'overseas feel', and are most normally taken past people in their 20s.^{[77] [78]} The 3 nigh mutual destinations are Commonwealth of australia, Not bad Great britain and mainland Europe, although recently trips to Asian countries such equally South korea and Nippon to teach English have go increasingly popular. The east declension of Australia and London both have sizeable expatriate New Zealand communities.

The OE to Europe is usually self-funded, and tends to occur a few years later university graduation, when the traveller has saved up enough for airfares and living expenses. The length of the visit tin range from a few months to the remainder of the visitor's life; since many New Zealanders have British ancestry or dual citizenship (sometimes as a issue of their parents' OE), the restrictions on working in Britain do not apply to a substantial percentage of them.^[78]

Working holidays in Asia are more likely to occur presently after graduation, and many agencies specifically target graduates for these trips. Considering Commonwealth of australia is relatively close to New Zealand and has no restrictions on New Zealanders working in that location, the New Zealanders working in Australia are more than diverse than those in other countries, with a significantly higher proportion of Māori and working-class people.

Since the signing of the Trans-Tasman Travel Organization in 1973, New Zealanders have had the correct to live and piece of work in Commonwealth of australia on equal terms with Australian citizens. Until the 1970s New Zealanders had similar rights in relation to United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. Changes to British clearing law in this period required New Zealanders to obtain visas to work in Britain or live there for extended periods, unless they had recent British ancestry.

New Zealand has a number of reciprocal working holiday agreements, allowing people in their 20s to live and piece of work overseas, normally for up to a twelvemonth. Such agreements are in place with: Argentine republic, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Czechia, Kingdom of denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Republic of Ireland, Italia, Nippon, Due south Korea, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, the United kingdom and Uruguay.^[79]

National stereotypes [edit]

The Kiwi male [edit]

The stereotypical New Zealand male is substantially a pioneer blazon: he is perceived to exist rural, strong, unemotional, autonomous, has little time for high culture, skillful with animals (particularly horses) and machines, and is able to turn his hand to nearly anything. This blazon of human being is often presumed to exist a unique product of New Zealand's colonial menses just he shares many similarities with the stereotypical American frontiersman and Australian bushman. New Zealand men are supposed to yet have many of these qualities, even though most New Zealanders accept lived in urban areas since the late-19th century. This has not prevented New Zealanders seeing themselves (and being seen) as substantially state people and good at the tasks which country life requires.^[80]

The hard man: New Zealand men take often been stereotyped as strong, unemotional and prone to violence.^[81] For many years this was seen as a good matter, and was best embodied by All Black Colin Meads. Voted 'New Zealand player of the century' past New Zealand Rugby Monthly magazine, Meads was the 2nd All Black to be sent off the field, and one time played a match with a broken arm. Although he was known to assault other players during games, this was generally approved of as 'enforcement' of the 'spirit of the game'.^[82] He was too a supporter of sporting contact with apartheid S Africa. In recent decades the macho attitude has been both criticised and reviled as dangerous both to men who embody it and those around them. Information technology has been blamed for New Zealand'southward culture of heavy drinking and its loftier male person suicide charge per unit.^[83] However it nonetheless has its supporters, with some commentators claiming that the more contempo All Blacks practice not have enough 'mongrel'.^[84]

Attitudes [edit]

Social conservatism and progressiveness [edit]

New Zealand social policy has tended to oscillate between social progressiveness and conservatism. Social reforms pioneered by New Zealand include women's suffrage, the welfare state, and respect for indigenous peoples (through the Treaty of Waitangi and the Waitangi Tribunal). Having led the (non-communist) earth in economic regulation from the 1930s, in the 1980s and 1990s the reforms of the Labour Government led the world in economic de-regulation. New Zealand was the kickoff country to have an openly transgender mayor, and later on member of parliament, Georgina Beyer. Aforementioned-sex spousal relationship has been legal in New Zealand since 19 August 2013.^[85]

In dissimilarity to this, New Zealand has a history of some very conservative social policies. Most notably, from World War One until 1967 pubs were required past law to close at 6pm.^[86] Until the 1980s most shops were banned from opening on weekends, and until 1999 alcoholic beverages could not be sold on Sundays, known every bit blue constabulary.

In a rare occurrence, the 1981 Springbok Tour saw the ii extremes very publicly disharmonism with each other on a nationwide calibration.^[87]

[edit]

In general, New Zealanders have faith in their democracy. New Zealand is perceived to take very depression levels of abuse^[88] although some question whether those perceptions are entirely warranted.^[89] Turnout for parliamentary general elections is typically above 80%, which is very high by international standards and occurs despite the absence of any law requiring citizens to vote. However local authorities elections accept much lower turnout figures, with an average of 53% in 2007.^[90]

New Zealanders, both those of Pākehā and Māori roots, accept been described as an individualistic people, who take intrusion very personally, especially when it occurs onto private land (just also sometimes in a wider sense). According to psychologists, this is rooted respectively in the 'frontier' image of the European settler culture, but also mirrored amongst the Māori, for whom land holds a lot of spiritual value in improver to its commercial employ.^[91]

Attitudes to multiculturalism [edit]

New Zealand has for about of its modern history been an isolated bi-cultural social club. In recent decades an increasing number of immigrants has changed the demographic spectra. In the larger cities this change has occurred suddenly and dramatically. In that location has been an increasing awareness of multiculturalism in New Zealand in all areas of social club and also in politics. New Zealand'south race relations has been a controversial topic in recent times. The political political party New Zealand First has been associated with an anti immigration policy. The Office of the Race Relations Conciliator was established by the Race Relations Act in 1971^[92] for the purposes of "promoting positive race relations and addressing complaints of discrimination on grounds of race, color, and indigenous or national origin", and was merged with the Homo Rights Commission in Jan 2002.^[93]

Food [edit]

Māori cuisine [edit]

Putting down a hāngi (globe oven)

Māori cuisine was historically derived from that of tropical Polynesia, adjusted for New Zealand'due south colder climate. Key ingredients included kūmara (sweet white potato), fern root, taro, birds and fish. Food was cooked in hāngi (earth ovens) and roasted, and in geothermal areas was boiled or steamed using natural hot springs and pools. Various means of preserving birds and other foods were likewise employed. Before the arrival of European settlers, Māori did not drinkable alcoholic beverages.^[94]

Following the arrival of British settlers, the Māori adopted many of their foods, particularly pork and potatoes, the latter of which transformed the Māori agronomical economy. Many traditional food sources became scarce as introduced predators dramatically reduced bird populations, and forests were cleared for farming and timber. Traditional seafoods such as toheroa and whitebait were over-harvested. Present day Māori cuisine is a mixture of Māori tradition, 19th century British cookery, and gimmicky dishes. In everyday life the two foods of Māori origin are "the boil up" (meat and vegetables boild in a broth and sometimes thickened with flour), and the hāngi which is associated with special occasions.^[95]

Pākehā cuisine [edit]

Pavlova, a popular New Zealand dessert, garnished with cream and strawberries.

Since the majority of Pākehā are of British descent, Pākehā cuisine is heavily influenced by British cuisine. During the 19th century, a major divergence between British and New Zealand cuisine was that meat was more than readily available to all social classes in New Zealand. A meat-rich remains a part of Pākehā culture, although blood-red meat consumption has dropped in the terminal few decades. Savoury pies, which may be filled with meat or fish, sausage rolls, and fish and chips are popular, equally are roasts. Pākehā are besides fond of sweetness foods such equally biscuits, cakes, slices and pavlova.

In contempo decades international cuisine, including Chinese and Indian, has go pop, and equally in many other countries 'foodie' culture has emerged. New Zealand chefs such as Peter Gordon played a major role in the creation of fusion cuisine.^{[ citation needed ]}

Café civilisation has grown to be a major element of New Zealand cuisine. Cafés and a high standard of espresso coffee making have become common throughout the state.^[96]

Other cuisines [edit]

New Zealanders increasingly come from a variety of ethnic backgrounds, and many immigrants to New Zealand have tried to reproduce their native cuisines or national dishes in New Zealand. International restaurants have served every bit community coming together places and accept also given other New Zealanders a chance to try different cuisines.

Run into also [edit]

• Compages of New Zealand
• Demographics of New Zealand
• History of New Zealand
• Public holidays in New Zealand
• Culture of Commonwealth of australia
• Etiquette in Australia and New Zealand
• Christmas in New Zealand

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References [edit]

• Jones, Lawrence (1998). The Novel. , in Terry Sturm, ed., The Oxford History of New Zealand Literature in English
• Kennedy, Jeffrey (2007). "Leadership and Culture in New Zealand". In Chhokar, Jagdeep; Brodbeck, Felix; House, Robert (eds.). Culture and Leadership Across the World: The Globe Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Societies. Usa: Psychology Press. ISBN978-0-8058-5997-three.
• Macpherson, Cluny (1977). Polynesians in New Zealand: An Emerging Eth-Class?. , in David Pitt, ed., Social Grade in New Zealand
• Phillips, Jock (1987). A Homo'southward Country? The Prototype of the Pakeha Male: A History. Auckland: Penguin Books.

External links [edit]

• Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
• Kiwi Ingenuity
• Enquiry in New Zealand Performing Arts – A gratis online research journal that discusses New Zealand music and related arts.
• New Zealand Cultural Events and Organisations

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand

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